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影视作品角色形象权利归属及行使规则/陈峰

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         影视作品角色形象权利归属及行使规则
            ——湖北高院判决上海华创公司诉湖北新一佳公司侵害著作权纠纷案


裁判要旨

影视作品角色形象可以从影视作品中分离出来,属于可以单独使用的作品。影视作品制片人及其授权许可人仅取得传播影视作品所必须的复制、放映等权利,当然无权截取影视作品中的一帧画面作为权利载体主张他人侵权。

案情

1996年4月,日本·圆谷制作株式会社摄制完成《迪迦奥特曼》影视作品,该影片塑造了“迪迦奥特曼”角色形象,特征为:头部为头盔形,眼睛突起呈椭圆形,两眼中间延至头顶部有突出物,两耳呈长方形,无眉,无发。2009年2月,日本·圆谷制作株式会社签署著作权授权证明,授权上海世纪华创文化形象管理有限公司(简称上海华创公司)在中国大陆地区独占性行使该影视作品的发行权、放映权、上映权以及使用该作品的商品化权等。2010年7月,原告上海华创公司发现被告湖北新一佳超市有限公司(简称湖北新一佳公司)擅自将“迪迦奥特曼”角色形象在其销售的玩具包装盒上作为商品包装装潢予以复制使用,原告认为,被告上述行为侵犯其“迪迦奥特曼”角色形象权,遂诉至法院,请求判令:被告立即停止销售侵犯原告“迪迦奥特曼”角色形象权的“百变超人”玩具并立即销毁涉案尚未售出的侵权样品、半成品、产成品及相关标识;被告赔偿原告直接经济损失3万元并公开赔礼道歉;被告承担本案诉讼费用。

被告辩称:《迪迦奥特曼》影视作品制片人仅享有整体著作权,并不当然享有“迪迦奥特曼”角色形象的著作权,原告通过受让方式取得的是影视作品的发行、放映等权利,因此,其以截取影视作品中一帧画面作为权利基础,指控被告构成复制权侵权,于法无据。

裁判

本案争议焦点是“迪迦奥特曼”角色形象权利归属,而界定权利归属的关键在于该角色形象是否属于独立于影视作品整体的可以单独使用的作品。

湖北省武汉市中级人民法院经审理认为,《迪迦奥特曼》影视作品与其塑造的“迪迦奥特曼”角色形象属于整体与部分的关系,角色形象可以从影视作品中分离出来,属于可以单独使用的作品。“迪迦奥特曼”角色形象本质上属于利用线条、色彩等构成的具有一定审美意义的艺术造型,属于美术作品范畴。按照影视作品一般创作规律,制片人通常事先根据剧情的需要,与在先著作权人签订明示或默示的著作权许可使用合同,由在先著作权人授权制片人将其作品拍摄为影视作品,通常来说,在先著作权人仅将与电影摄制、放映等传播影视作品必需的著作权非排他性授予制片人行使,并没有将所有著作权转让或排他许可给制片人。因此,在先著作权人自然能够单独行使其著作权。本案中,原告认为“迪迦奥特曼”角色形象属于《迪迦奥特曼》影视作品组成部分,该角色形象的完整著作权应该归影视作品的制片人,作为受让人,原告根据授权证明享有该角色形象的完整著作权。法院认为,“迪迦奥特曼”角色形象可以从影视作品中分离出来,属于可以单独使用的美术作品,原告并未提供证据证明其获得相应美术作品的权利类型、区域、期限等,仅以截取影视作品画面中的一帧作为权利基础,指控被告涉嫌侵权行为,属于权利证据不足。法院判令:驳回原告诉讼请求。

原告不服一审判决,提起上诉。

湖北省高级人民法院经审理认为,一审法院认定事实清楚,适用法律正确,遂驳回上诉,维持原判。

评析

著作权法第十五条第二款规定:“电影作品和以类似摄制电影的方法创作的作品中的剧本、音乐等可以单独使用的作品的作者有权单独行使其著作权。”该条明确了剧本、音乐作为可以单独使用的作品的地位,但没有规定小说、戏剧、美术作品等在先著作权人与影视作品制片人之间的法律关系,导致司法实务中遇到类似本案纠纷,难以找到适用法律的依据,造成司法裁判尺度不一。

1.“迪迦奥特曼”角色形象属于“可以单独使用的作品”

原告认为,日本·圆谷制作株式会社作为制片人享有影视作品《迪迦奥特曼》整体著作权,“迪迦奥特曼”角色形象作为影视作品的组成部分,其著作权当然属于制片人享有。原告通过受让取得影视作品《迪迦奥特曼》复制、放映等权利,亦当然取得“迪迦奥特曼”角色形象复制、放映等权利。对此,法院认为,影视作品《迪迦奥特曼》采用虚拟夸张的创作手法塑造了一个为儿童喜爱的“迪迦奥特曼”角色形象,该角色形象伴随剧情、音乐、场景、动作的变化,呈现不同的表情、神态,但该角色形象的性格内涵及外部表现具备一些明确而固定的基本特征——眼睛突起呈椭圆形,两耳呈长方形,无眉,无发等,究其本质仍属于利用线条、色彩等勾勒的富有美感且具有独创性表达方式的美术作品。依托美术作品富有美感的艺术造型,结合类似摄制电影的技术方式,摄制而成的影视作品与在先美术作品无论在观念上还是表达方式上均是可以分离的,且依赖美术作品塑造的动态的角色形象缺乏独创性的表达方式,并不能构成新的作品。因此,“迪迦奥特曼”角色形象属于著作权法第十五条第二款规定的可以单独使用的美术作品。

2.“迪迦奥特曼”角色形象的行使规则

影视作品角色形象权利行使规则取决于原作品与影视作品之间的法律关系,目前,调整原作品与影视作品之间的法律关系主要有两种模式:其一,德国、西班牙模式,即认定影视作品系原作品的演绎作品;其二,法国、意大利模式,即认定原作品著作权人系影视作品的合作作者。尽管两种模式在界定原作品与影视作品之间法律关系上存在不同,但为了保障影视作品的传播利用,都赋予制片人一个合法化推定的权利,即在先著作权人必须将传播影视作品必须的复制、发行、公开表演、公开有线传播、播放等权利法定转移给制片人,除此之外的原作品的著作权利通常仍由原作品著作权人保留。我国著作权法第十五条第二款也概括性地规定了影视作品中剧本、音乐作品的作者可以单独行使其著作权。本案中,原告依托影视作品《迪迦奥特曼》及授权协议享有的仅仅是传播利用该影视作品所必须的权利。原告主张截取影视作品中的一帧画面作为权利载体指控被告侵权。因“迪迦奥特曼”角色形象属于可以单独使用的美术作品,著作权人只是许可制片人将其摄制成影视作品并加以传播利用,原告并没有提交证据证明制片人享有除此之外的任何权利,原告通过受让并截取其中一帧画面主张被告侵权缺乏权利基础,因此,原告诉讼请求因缺乏证据支持而不能得到保护。

本案案号:(2011)武知初字第378号,(2012)鄂民三终字第23号

案例编写人:湖北省武汉市中级人民法院 陈 峰 杜 健
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关于个人所得税若干政策问题的通知(附英文)

财政部 国家税务总局


关于个人所得税若干政策问题的通知(附英文)
财政部、国家税务总局



各省、自治区、直辖市财政厅(局)、税务局,各计划单列市财政局、税务局,海洋石油税务管理局各分局:
根据《中华人民共和国个人所得税法》及其《实施条例》的有关规定精神,现将个人所得税的若干政策问题通知如下:
一、关于对个体工商户的征税问题
(一)个体工商户业主的费用扣除标准和从业人员的工资扣除标准,由各省、自治区、直辖市税务局确定。个体工商户在生产、经营期间借款的利息支出,凡有合法证明的,不高于按金融机构同类、同期贷款利率计算的数额的部分,准予扣除。
(二)个体工商户或个人专营种植业、养殖业、饲养业、捕捞业,其经营项目属于农业税(包括农业特产税,下同)、牧业税征税范围并已征收了农业税、牧业税的,不再征收个人所得税;不属于农业税、牧业税征税范围的,应对其所得征收个人所得税。兼营上述四业并四业的所得单
独核算的,比照上述原则办理,对于属于征收个人所得税的,应与其他行业的生产、经营所得合并计征个人所得税;对于四业的所得不能单独核算的,应就其全部所得计征个人所得税。
(三)个体工商户与企业联营而分得的利润,按利息、股息、红利所得项目征收个人所得税。
(四)个体工商户和从事生产、经营的个人,取得与生产、经营活动无关的各项应税所得,应按规定分别计算征收个人所得税。
二、下列所得,暂免征收个人所得税:
(一)外籍个人以非现金形式或实报实销形式取得的住房补贴、伙食补贴、搬迁费、洗衣费。
(二)外籍个人按合理标准取得的境内、外出差补贴。
(三)外籍个人取得的探亲费、语言训练费、子女教育费等,经当地税务机关审核批准为合理的部分。
(四)个人举报、协查各种违法、犯罪行为而获得的奖金。
(五)个人办理代扣代缴税款手续,按规定取得的扣缴手续费。
(六)个人转让自用达五年以上、并且是唯一的家庭生活用房取得的所得。
(七)对按国发(1983)141号《国务院关于高级专家离休退休若干问题的暂行规定》和国办发(1991)40号《国务院办公厅关于杰出高级专家暂缓离退休审批问题的通知》精神,达到离休、退休年龄,但确因工作需要,适当延长离休退休年龄的高级专家(指享受国家发
放的政府特殊津贴的专家、学者),其在延长离休退休期间的工资、薪金所得,视同退休工资、离休工资免征个人所得税。
(八)外籍个人从外商投资企业取得的股息、红利所得。
(九)凡符合下列条件之一的外籍专家取得的工资、薪金所得可免征个人所得税:
1.根据世界银行专项贷款协议由世界银行直接派往我国工作的外国专家;
2.联合国组织直接派往我国工作的专家;
3.为联合国援助项目来华工作的专家;
4.援助国派往我国专为该国无偿援助项目工作的专家;
5.根据两国政府签订文化交流项目来华工作两年以内的文教专家,其工资、薪金所得由该国负担的;
6.根据我国大专院校国际交流项目来华工作两年以内的文教专家,其工资、薪金所得由该国负担的;
7.通过民间科研协定来华工作的专家,其工资、薪金所得由该国政府机构负担的。
三、关于中介费扣除问题
对个人从事技术转让、提供劳务等过程中所支付的中介费,如能提供有效、合法凭证的,允许从其所得中扣除。
四、对个人从基层供销社、农村信用社取得的利息或股息、红利收入是否征收个人所得税,由各省、自治区、直辖市税务局报请政府确定,报财政部、国家税务总局备案。

CIRCULAR ON SOME POLICY QUESTIONS CONCERNING INDIVIDUAL INCOME TAX

(Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation May 131994 [94] Coded Cai Shui Zi No. 020)

Whole Doc.

To the financial departments (bureaus) and tax bureaus of various
provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the
central government, to the financial bureaus and tax bureaus of various
cities with independent planning and to various sub-bureaus of Offshore
Oil Tax Administrative Bureau:
In accordance with the spirit of the related stipulations of the
Individual Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China and the
regulations for its implementation, the Circular On Some Policy Questions
Concerning Individual Income Tax is hereby given as follows:

I. Questions concerning the levying of tax on individual industrial
and commercial units
(1) The expense deducting standard for the proprietors of individual
industrial and commercial units and the wage deducting standard for the
employees shall be determined by the tax bureaus of various provinces,
autonomous regions and municipalities. For the expenditure of interest on
the loans borrowed by the individual industrial and commercial units
during the period of production and operation, that part with legal
certificate and not higher than the amount calculated in accordance with
the interest rate for loans of the same category and in the same period
which are extended by financial institutions shall be allowed to be
deducted.
(2) For the plantation, agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing
industry operated exclusively by individual industrial and commercial
units or individuals, when the items they operate come within the dutiable
scope of agricultural tax (including special agricultural product tax, the
same below) and animal husbandry tax and on which agricultural tax and
animal husbandry tax have already been levied, no more individual income
tax shall be levied; when their operational items do not come under the
dutiable scope of agricultural tax and animal husbandry tax, individual
income tax shall be levied on their earnings. For those who concurrently
operate the above-mentioned four industries and the income from which are
calculated separately, the matter shall be handled in light of the
above-mentioned principle. For those from whom individual income shall be
levied, individual income tax shall be calculated and levied on the
combined income earned from the production and operation of other trades;
when the income from the four industries cannot keep separate accounts,
individual income tax shall be levied on the whole lot of income.
(3) For the profits earned from the joint management of individual
industrial and commercial units and enterprises, individual income tax
shall be levied on the items of incomes such as interest, dividends and
bonuses.
(4) When individual industrial and commercial units and individuals
engaging in production and operation have various items of taxable incomes
earned from unrelated production and management activities, individual
income tax shall be calculated and levied separately according to
regulations.

II. The incomes listed below are exempt from individual income tax
for the time being:
(1) Housing subsidies, food allowances, moving fees and laundry fees
gained by individual foreigners in the non-cash form or in the form of
being reimbursed for what they spend.
(2) Travelling allowances at home and abroad gained by individual
foreigners in accordance with rational standards.
(3) The visiting relatives expense, language training expense and
children education expense gained by individual foreigners, that part
considered to be reasonable through examination and approval by local tax
authorities.
(4) Money awards gained by individual's crime-reporting, assisting in
investigating various law-breaking and criminal acts.
(5) The withholding service charge gained according to regulations by
individual who performs the withholding procedures.
(6) The income gained by individual from the transfer of house which
has been used by oneself for over five years and which is one's only
residential house.
(7) In accordance with the spirit of the Provisional Regulations of
the State Council On Some Questions Concerning the Retirement of Senior
Experts, a document Coded Guo Fa (1993) No. 141 and the Circular of the
General Office of the State Council On the Question Concerning the
Examination and Approval of the Temporary Postponement of Retirement of
Outstanding Senior Experts, senior experts (referring to experts and
scholars enjoying special government allowances issued by the state) who
have reached the age of retirement are allowed to appropriately extend
their age of retirement due really to the need of work, their wage and
salary incomes received during the period of retirement are regarded as
retirement wages and are exempt from individual income tax.
(8) The incomes gained by individual foreigners from dividends and
bonuses of enterprise with foreign investment.
(9) The wage and salary incomes gained by foreign experts who conform
with one of the following conditions may be exempt from individual income
tax:
1. Foreign experts directly sent by the World Bank to work in China
in accordance with a special loan agreement;
2. Experts directly sent by the United Nations' Organizations to work
in China;
3. Experts coming to work in China for the UN aid projects;
4. Experts sent by an aid-granting country to China to work specially
for the project granted gratis by the country;
5. Cultural and educational experts coming to China to work for two
years on the cultural exchange project under an agreement signed between
two governments, with their wages and salaries being borne by the country;
6. Cultural and educational exerts coming to China to work for two
years on the international exchange projects of China's universities and
colleges, with their wages and salaries being borne by the country
concerned;
7. Experts coming to work in China through a non-government
scientific research agreement, with their wages and salaries being borne
by the government organization of the country concerned.

III. Questions concerning the deduction of intermediate expenses The
intermediate expenses, paid by an individual in the process of engaging in
technological transfer and providing labor services, may be deducted from
his income if he can provide effective and legal certificates

IV. With regard to whether or not individual income tax should be
levied on the interest, dividends and bonuses gained by an individual from
grass-roots supply and marketing cooperatives and rural credit
cooperatives, the matter shall be reported by the tax bureaus in various
provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities to the governments for
determination and then reported to the Ministry of Finance and the State
Administration of Taxation for the record.



1994年5月13日

第48/99/M号法令:延迟《民法典》及《商法典》之生效日期

澳门


第48/99/M号法令

九月二十七日

鉴于《民事诉讼法典》之立法程序至今方能完成,以致该法典难以在本年十月一日开始生效,现适宜将《民法典》及《商法典》之生效日期延迟一个月,以便此三“大法典”同时开始生效。
基于此;
经听取咨询会意见后;
总督根据《澳门组织章程》第十三条第一款之规定,命令制定在澳门地区具有法律效力之条文如下:
第一条
(《民法典》之开始生效)
八月三日第39/99/M号法令第二条第一款修改如下:
一、本法规及由其核准之《民法典》,自一九九九年十一月一日开始生效。
第二条
(《商法典》之开始生效)
八月三日第40/99/M号法令第二条第一款修改如下:
一、本法规及由其核准之《商法典》,自一九九九年十一月一日开始生效。
第三条
(开始生效)
本法规于公布翌日开始生效。
一九九九年九月二十二日核准
命令公布
总督 韦奇立