我国政府采购质疑程序亟需完善
作者：谷辽海
来源：中国经济时报
http://finance.sina.com.cn
发表时间：2005年12月27日 08:58
质疑程序?ｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅ ｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅｓ是指，采购主体在政府采购过程中若存在违反法律规定的情况，供应商有权提出申诉，这是供应商进行权利救济的程序。在此类情况下，采购实体应对任何此类申诉给予公正和及时的考虑，且以不损害在质疑制度下获得纠正措施的方式进行，国家应规定非歧视、及时、透明和有效的程序。质疑程序是ＷＴＯ《政府采购协议》第２０条专门规定的旨在保护供应商合法权益的制度。我国《政府采购法》第六章也移植了质疑程序，但却存在一些问题。
没有审查和处理质疑事项的独立主体
ＷＴＯ《政府采购协议》规定，质疑事项应由一家法院或对采购结果无利害关系的公正独立的审查机构进行审理，其机构成员在任职期间应不受外部影响。我国《政府采购法》质疑程序中的主要内容集中在这部法律的第５２条至第５４条规定。从法律规定的内容来看，审查、处理供应商质疑事项的主体分别是采购人或者采购代理机构，处理的质疑事项是采购文件、采购过程和中标、成交结果是否存在着违法，是否存在着侵犯供应商的合法权益。笔者认为，在我国《政府采购法》质疑和投诉这一章节中，最为关键的是质疑事项的审查、处理主体，这关系到质疑供应商的合法权益是否能够及时获得客观公正的保护。在《政府采购法》中，审查、处理质疑事项的主体，有各种不同级别的采购人，有以营利为目的的、名称各异的、不同组织形式的招标公司，有非以营利为目的事业性质的各级政府采购中心，等等。不论是哪类主体，与采购结果都存在着或多或少的利害关系和利益冲突，根本就无法保证公开透明、客观公正地审查、处理质疑事项。况且，在采购代理机构中，众多是以获取高额利润为目的的各类招标公司。这些主体不可能在审查、处理质疑过程中自己否定自己，不可能推翻既定的采购代理结果，也不可能做出任何有利于供应商的书面答复意见。可见，供应商的合法权益在我国现行法律制度的质疑程序中很难得到有效保护。
质疑结果不应该由财政部门来审查
ＷＴＯ《政府采购协议》规定，如果一质疑事项审查机构不是法院，则该机构应接受司法审查。前述已经谈到，我国目前审查、处理质疑事项的主体名目繁多，在采购人中，有各级国家机关、各类事业单位、不同形式的团体组织等，在采购代理机构中也有不同性质、不同目的的各式各样的主体。在所有的采购主体中，没有哪个主体能够站在第三方的立场来审查、处理质疑事项。在这种情况下出来的处理结果，如果再由财政机关来审查，而不是直接经受司法机关的审查，不仅仅是增加了供应商救济程序的累赘，更是增加了供应商的救济成本，难以进行合法权益的及时有效保护。
根据我国现行的制度，供应商如果不服质疑结果或者对结果处理不满意，可以在一定时间内向有管辖权的财政部门提出投诉，对投诉处理结果不服或者仍然不满意的，可以通过行政复议或者提出行政诉讼。显而易见，供应商经历的程序繁琐，长时间的权利救济，必然会影响到其正常的生产经营活动，不仅仅无形中提高了救济成本，救济结果究竟如何也是一个难以猜测的未知数。况且，我国的财政部门也不仅仅是处理政府采购事务，且与采购人尤其是行政机关基本上都是平起平坐、在一个法律层面上，属于平级的行政机关，不可能拥有独立权力或者大量的时间去进行调查取证。由此可见，我国各级财政部门不能确保为供应商的合法权益进行有效保护。
缺乏强制中止采购项目执行的程序
ＷＴＯ《政府采购协议》要求质疑程序应规定：快速的临时措施，以纠正违反法律规定的行为和保持商业机会。质疑事项的审查、处理机构在法定期限之内，在对质疑作出决定前，要求采购实体必须做到中止合同的授予或者中止合同的履行。我国《政府采购法》没有在质疑程序中规定强制暂停措施，只是在投诉程序中规定可以暂时中止采购项目，但这不是属于强制性的法律规范，供应商提出质疑程序或者投诉程序都不是采购程序中止的原因。在此情况下，不论是质疑程序还是投诉程序，均无任何的实质意义。较为典型的例子是，全国首例政府采购行政诉讼案件。原告北京现代沃尔经贸有限责任公司不仅向采购人国家发展和改革委员会、国家卫生部申请暂停广东开元医疗设备有限公司履行政府采购合同，也向国家财政部提出过强烈要求，但均未能得到采纳。原告也向法院提出过要求暂停采购项目的执行，同样也是未能得到采纳。在供应商寻求权利救济的一年多时间里，采购人早已与中标供应商签订了采购合同，且都已经履行完毕。这个非常具有代表性的案例说明了我国《政府采购法》救济程序中所存在的问题。
根据上述，显而易见，我国现行的《政府采购法》所规定的质疑投诉程序是不能对供应商的合法权益进行有效的救济。为了与国际上的政府采购规则接轨，建议政府采购立法机关应对现行法律加以完善。（３２）
（注：本文作者谷辽海为北京市辽海律师事务所主任、高级律师，本文系群众出版社出版的谷辽海先生的新作《法治下的政府采购》一书中的连载文章）
关于外商投资举办投资性公司的暂行规定(附英文)（已废止）
对外贸易经济合作部
关于外商投资举办投资性公司的暂行规定(附英文)
1995年4月4日，外经贸部
为了促进外国投资者来华投资，引进国外先进技术和管理经验，允许外国投资者根据中国有关外国投资的法律、法规及本规定，在中国设立投资性公司（以下简称投资公司）。
第一条 本规定中投资公司系指外国投资者在中国以独资或与中国投资者合资的形式设立的从事直接投资的公司。公司形式为有限责任公司。
第二条 申请设立投资公司应符合下列条件：
（一）1、外国投资者资信良好，拥有举办投资公司所必需的经济实力，申请前一年该投资者的资产总额不低于4亿美元，且该投资者在中国境内已设立了外商投资企业，其实际缴付的注册资本的出资额超过1000万美元，并有三个以上拟投资项目的项目建议书已获得批准，或者：
2、外国投资者资信良好，拥有举办投资公司所必需的经济实力，该投资者在中国境内已设立了10个以上从事生产或基础设施建设的外商投资企业，其实际缴付的注册资本的出资额超过3000万美元；
（二）以合资方式设立投资公司的，中国投资者应为资信良好，拥有举办投资公司所必需的经济实力，其资产总额不低于1亿元人民币；
（三）投资公司的注册资本不低于3000万美元。
第三条 申请设立投资公司，投资者应将下列文件经拟设立投资公司所在地的省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市外经贸部门审核同意后，报对外贸易经济合作部（以下简称外经贸部）审查批准。
（一）设立合资的投资公司的项目建议书、投资各方签署的可行性研究报告、合同、章程；
设立独资的投资公司外国投资者签署的项目建议书、外资企业申请表、可行性研究报告、章程；
（二）投资各方的资信证明文件、注册登记证明文件（复印件）和法人代表证明文件（复印件）；
（三）外国投资者已投资企业的批准证书（复印件）、营业执照（复印件）和中国注册会计师出具的验资报告（复印件）；
（四）投资各方近三年的资产负债表；
（五）外经贸部要求的其他文件。
上述文件除已注明为复印件的，一律应为正式文件。
非法定代表人签署文件的，应出具法定代表人的委托授权书。
委托依法设立的中介机构代为办理申请手续的，应出具由投资者法定代表人签署的委托授权书。
第四条 外国投资者须以可自由兑换的货币作为投资公司注册资本的出资，中国投资者可以人民币出资。出资应在营业执照签发之日起两年内全部缴清。
第五条 投资公司经批准可以经营以下部分或全部业务：
（一）在国家鼓励和允许外商投资的工业、农业、基础设施、能源等领域进行投资；
（二）投资公司可受其所投资企业的书面委托（经董事会一致通过），向其提供下列服务：
1、协助或代理其所投资的企业从国内外采购该企业自用的机器设备、办公设备和生产所需的原材料、元器件、零部件和在国内外销售其所投资企业生产的产品，并提供售后服务；
2、在外汇管理部门的同意和监督下，在其所投资企业之间平衡外汇；
3、协助其所投资企业招聘人员并提供技术培训、市场开发及咨询；
4、协助其所投资企业寻求贷款及提供担保。
（三）投资公司为其投资者提供咨询服务。
第六条 本规定第五条第二款所述投资公司所投资企业系指：
（一）投资公司直接投资或与其他外国投资者和／或中国投资者共同投资，投资公司或与其他外国投资者的出资占所投资设立企业注册资本25％以上的企业；
（二）投资公司将其投资者或其关联公司及其他外国投资者在中国境内已投资设立的企业的股权部分或全部收购，而使投资公司以及其他外国投资者的出资额占该已设立企业注册资本25％以上的企业。
除经外经贸部特殊批准，投资公司只能为以上所述的其所投资设立的企业提供第五条第二款所规定的服务。
投资公司不能代替其投资者在中国从事贸易中介服务。
第七条 经中国人民银行批准，投资公司可向其所投资设立的企业提供财务支持。
第八条 根据投资公司拟设立的项目性质，按照国家有关外商投资企业经营期限的规定核定投资公司的期限。
第九条 投资公司投资设立企业，按外商投资企业的审批权限及审批程序另行报批。
第十条 投资公司投资设立企业，投资公司或与其他外国投资者的外汇投资比例不低于其所投资设立企业的注册资本的25％的，其所投资的企业享受外商投资企业待遇，发给外商投资企业批准证书和外商投资企业营业执照。
第十一条 符合本规定第二条第（一）款第1项所规定条件的外国投资者可以其全资拥有的子公司的名义出资设立投资公司。
第十二条 申请设立投资公司的投资者须向审批机关出具担保函，保证其所设立的投资公司在中国境内投资时的注册资本的出资和技术转让。
以全资拥有的子公司的名义设立投资公司的，其母公司须向审批机关出具担保函，保证其子公司按审批机关批准的条件完成对其所设立投资公司注册资本的出资并保证该投资公司在中国境内所投资时的注册资本的出资和技术转让。
第十三条 投资公司在中国境内的投资活动不受公司注册地点的限制。
第十四条 投资公司的税收按中国有关法律、法规办理。
第十五条 投资公司应切实履行项目投资计划，并将每一年度的投资情况于下一年度的前三个月内报外经贸部备案。
第十六条 投资公司与其投资设立的企业是彼此独立的法人或实体，其业务往来应按独立企业之间业务往来关系处理。
第十七条 投资公司与其投资设立的企业应遵守中国的法律、法规，不得采用任何手段逃避管理和纳税。
第十八条 台湾、香港和澳门地区的投资者在大陆投资举办投资公司的，准用本规定。
第十九条 本规定由对外贸易经济合作部负责解释。
第二十条 本规定自发布之日起施行。
Provisional Regulations of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Eco-nomic Cooperation on the Establishment of Investment Companies by ForeignInvestors
(Promulgated on April 4, 1995)
Whole document
Provisional Regulations of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic
Cooperation on the Establishment of Investment Companies by Foreign
Investors
(Promulgated on April 4, 1995)
In order to promote foreign investment in China and to introduce
foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise, foreign investors
are permitted to establish investment companies (hereinafter referred to
as "investment company") in China in accordance with the Chinese laws and
regulations governing foreign investment and these Regulations.
Article 1
For the purpose of these Regulations, the term "Investment Company"
means a company that is engaged in direct investment and established by
foreign investors in China in the form of either a wholly foreign owned
enterprise or an equity joint venture with Chinese investors. The
investment company shall take the form of a limited liability company.
Article 2
To apply for approval to establish an investment company, the
following conditions shall be fulfilled:
(1)
(a) the foreign investor having a good credit and the economic
strength necessary for the establishment of an investment company; the
total amount of the investor's assets during the year preceding the
application being no be less than US $ 400 million, and the investor
having already established foreign-invested enterprise (s) within the
territory of China; and the amount of the investor's actually paid-in
capital contribution to the registered capital thereof exceeding US $ 10
million. Furthermore, more than three project proposals of the investor's
intended investment projects have been approved; or
(b) the foreign investor having a good credit and the economic
strength necessary for the establishment of an investment company; the
investor have already established more than 10 foreign-invested
enterprises in the people's Republic of China which are engaged in
production or infrastructure construction, and the total amount of the
investor's actually paid-in capital contribution to the registered capital
thereof exceeding US $ 30 million.
(2) In case the investment company is to be established in the form of
an Chinese-foreign equity joint venture, the Chinese investor shall have
good creditability and the economic strength necessary for the
establishment of such company, and the total amount of the Chinese
investor's assets shall not be less than RMB100 million. and
(3)the registered capital of the investment company being not be less
than US $ 30 million.
Article 3
To apply for the establishment of an investment company, the investor
shall submit the following documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and
Economic Cooperation (hereinafter referred to as "MOFTEC") for examination
and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign
trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province,
autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or
the municipalities specifically listed in the State economic plan in which
the investment company is to be located:
(1) If an investment company is to be established in the form of an
equity joint venture: the project proposal for the establishment of the
investment company, and the feasibility study, contract and articles of
association signed jointly by the parties to the investment company; or
If an investment company is to be established in the form of a wholly
foreign-owned enterprise: the project proposal, the wholly foreign-owned
enterprise application form, the feasibility study and articles of
association signed by the foreign investor.
(2) the creditability certificate for each investing party, the
registration certificate (duplicate) and the legal representative
certificate (duplicate);
(3)the approval certificate (s) (duplicate) for the enterprise (s)
already invested by the foreign investor, the business license (s)
(duplicate) and the capital verification report (duplicate) issued by
certified public accountants registered in China;
(4)the balance sheet of each investing party for the previous 3 years;
and
(5)other documents as required by MOFTEC.
All of the aforesaid documents shall be in the original except those
specified as duplicate.
In case the documents are to be signed by a non-legal representative,
a power of attorney issued by the legal representative shall be submitted.
In case the investor entrusts a lawfully established intermediary for
the application formalities, a power of attorney signed by the legal
representative of the investor shall be submitted.
Article 4
The foreign investor shall make its capital contribution to the
registered capital of the investment company in a freely convertible
currency. The Chinese investor may make its capital contribution in
Renminbi. All the capital contribution shall be paid in full within 2
years after the date of issuance of the business license.
Article 5
An investment company, upon approval, may be engaged in part or all
of the following business:
(1)To invest in fields such as industry, agriculture, infrastructure,
energy, etc., to the extent that foreign investment is encouraged or
permitted by the State;
(2)With written entrustment by enterprises with its investment (with
the unanimous approval by the board of directors), an investment company
may provide the following services for such enterprises:
(a)to assist, or act as agent for such enterprises in purchasing
domestically or overseas the machinery, equipment and office appliances
for their own use, and raw materials, components, and parts as being used
by the enterprises for their own production purpose, as well as to
distribute at both domestic and international markets the products
produced by the enterprises with its investment, and to provide
after-sales services;
(b)to balance foreign exchange revenue and expenditure among the
enterprises with its investment with the consent and under the supervision
of the foreign exchange administration authorities;
(c)to assist the enterprises with its investment in the recruitment
and employment of personnel and to provide technical training, market
development and consulting; and
(d) to assist the enterprises with its investment to seek loans and to
provide guarantees. and
(3)An investment company may provide consulting services for its
investors.
Article 6
For the purpose of Item 2, Article 5 of these regulations, enterprises
with investment from the investment company mean:
(1)the enterprises in which an investment company invests directly or
jointly with other foreign investors and/ or Chinese investors, and the
capital contribution of the investment company or of the investment
company together with other foreign investors, accounts for more than
twenty-five per cent of the registered capital of such enterprises already
established; and
(2)the enterprises already established within the territory of China
in which the capital contribution of the investment company and other
foreign investors account for more than twenty-five per cent of the
registered capital of such an enterprise as a result of purchasing part or
all of the shares from its investors, or its affiliated companies or other
foreign investors.
Unless otherwise specifically approved by MOFTEC, an investment
company can only provide services specified in Item 2, Article 5 hereof
for the enterprises with its investment as described above.
An investment company shall not be engaged in intermediary business
service related to trade in China on behalf of its investor(s).
Article 7
Upon the approval by the People's Bank of China, an investment company
may provide financial support for the enterprises with its investment.
Article 8
The term of operation of an investment company shall be examined and
approved in accordance with the relevant state regulations on the term of
operation of foreign-invested enterprises and on the basis of the nature
of the projects intended to be established by the Investment Company.
Article 9
The establishment of an enterprise in which an investment company
invests shall be separately submitted for approval in accordance with the
limits of approval authorization and the approval procedures for the
examination and approval of foreign-invested enterprises.
Article 10
An enterprise established by an investment company whose foreign
exchange investment solely made or together with other foreign investors
is not less than twenty-five per cent of the registered capital of the
enterprise shall enjoy the treatment of a foreign-invested enterprise, and
be issued a foreign-invested enterprise approval certificate and
foreign-invested enterprise business license.
Article 11
A foreign investor, fulfilling the conditions specified in Article 2
Item 1 (a), may contribute capital to and establish an investment company
in the name of its wholly-owned subsidiary.
Article 12
An investor that applies for approval to establish an investment
company shall submit a guarantee letter to the examination and approval
authorities in which it guarantees the capital contribution to the
registered capital and technology transfer by the investment company to
the enterprise(s) to be established when such investment company invests
within the territory of China.
In case an investment company is established in the name of its
wholly-owned subsidiary, the parent company shall provide such a guarantee
letter to the examination and approval authorities in which it guarantees
the capital contribution to the registered capital of the investment
company to be established by its subsidiary in accordance with the
conditions as approved by the examination and approval authorities, as
well as the capital contribution by the investment company to the
registered capital of and the technology transfer to the enterprise (s) to
be established when it invests within the territory of China.
Article 13
The investment activities by an investment company within the
territory of China shall not be limited to the place of its registration.
Article 14
Matters concerning the taxation of an investment company shall be
handled in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of China.
Article 15
An Investment Company shall actually implement its project investment
plan, and its investment situation of the previous year shall be filed
with MOFTEC within the first 3 months of each year.
Article 16
An investment company and the enterprises established with its
investment shall be legal persons or entities independent of each other.
Their business transactions shall be dealt with as normal business
transaction between independent enterprises.
Article 17
An investment company as well as the enterprises established with its
investment shall abide by the laws and regulations of China, and shall not
escape from being administrated and evade paying taxes by any means.
Article 18
These Regulations are applicable as a measure of reference to
investors from the regions of Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao carrying out
investment and establishing investment companies in the mainland.
Article 19
The interpretation of these Regulations shall be vested in the
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation.
Article 20
These Regulations shall be implemented as of the date of their
promulgation.
